Term paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Unfaithful Behavior Help Essays

Unfaithful Behavior Help Essays Unfaithful Behavior Help Essay Unfaithful Behavior Help Essay In the story The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, Margots unfaithful conduct causes Francis to discover his boldness. Margot couldnt stand Francis not focusing on her, despite the fact that they dont love one another. When Francis discusses lion chasing with Wilson, Margot finds that she cannot take an interest in that discussion. The way that she cannot partake causes Margot to feel uncertain, and she needs to change the subject to something different that she can participate. Likewise, it appears that Margot additionally is frustrated by Francis, in light of the fact that he was hesitant during the genuine lion chasing. All things considered, those feelings about Francis makes Margot undermines him by taking part in an extramarital entanglements with Robert Wilson, mostly to bring his consideration back. Be that as it may, the outcome doesnt come out as she anticipated. Truth be told, Margots issue with Wilson doesnt make Francis focus on her. Rather, it made Francis get distraught, and that outrage at long last comes out as discovering boldness which he didnt have, and he needs to get. At any rate, Margots undertaking succeeds in light of the fact that Francis threatens and gets desirous about it. Be that as it may, Margots decision for accomplice, which is Wilson, appears not viable to get Francis consideration back. Contrast with Francis, Wilson is increasingly manly and courageous, and in the field of chasing, those are just qualities required. So to state, Wilson is better in Africa, in spite of the fact that he is employed by Francis and under Francis. In this manner, Margots undertaking with Wilson really causes Francis to feel being ransacked something he claims by somebody superior to him. What's more, seeing his significant other taking part in an extramarital entanglements with the man better than him is sufficient to make Francis to be enraged. Particularly, their segregated circumstance, which goes with basic connections, may cause Francis generally to feel more deceived. In any case, the indignation isnt communicated towards Margot, which ought to be occurred. Rather, the undertaking among Margot and Wilson causes Francis scorn towards Wilson, not Margot. Truth be told, it is very normal, in light of the fact that there is no inclination left among Margot and Francis. They are a couple who are only scared of the likelihood that both of them could leave another. Nonetheless, Wilson, who is better than Francis in the circumstance they are in, can be abhorred by Francis, since he removes one thing he doesnt have and Francis has, and it makes him stunningly better. Despite the fact that Francis communicates his aggravation towards Margot, it appears to be increasingly sensible to decipher those articulations as the envy brought about by Wilson, and said to Margot. Nonetheless, therefore, Francis outrage and contempt causes him to overlook his dread. When they discover wild oxen, Francis had no dread, just disdain of Wilson. Francis doesnt waver to shoot, and prevails to chase wild oxen down nearly without Wilsons help. Through this experience, Francis felt an unequivocal joy of accomplishment, which he never felt. Furthermore, this inclination originates from chasing, yet additionally discovering fearlessness he didnt have previously and Wilson had. Now, Francis stops to think about Margots unfaithful conduct, since he isnt second rate compared to Wilson any longer, and it doesnt matter Wilson remove something he doesnt have any emotions.

Essay Samples - Travel Essay Sample Tips

Essay Samples - Travel Essay Sample TipsTravel essay samples are essential for any student who plans to pursue a degree in a specific field, be it medical, education, engineering or other. Their writing skills and knowledge are more than enough to answer the query of what exactly is an essay. And how exactly does one come up with the perfect solution when creating one.The first thing that you need to look for in a travel essay sample is something that has practical value to your plan. This should include topics such as why you want to travel, and what you hope to achieve by doing so. In addition, what type of travelling you intend to do - both for leisure and business. And finally, how much are you willing to spend on your trip, and how much will your travel be affected by the location you choose.Most people travel to a particular place in order to see the sights, sights that are often filled with history and culture. A good travel essay sample should be able to translate this into f actual details and ideas of historical and cultural aspects that make it a suitable location for a holiday. However, there are also many historical places which are built exclusively for tourist purposes. One example is Venice, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Another great aspect about travel essay samples is that they can help you sort out the written skills you have. You should not worry about your grammar or punctuation. This is because essay samples are usually written in a similar style to a textbook, and there is no way to know where the original writer is coming from.If you do plan to use the travel essay samples in your written assignment, make sure that you stick to the rules of the essay. This means using basic sentences and paragraphs, and not using filler words. If you are not sure about how to write, just have a look at some great examples and essays on travel to get an idea. And the most important point to remember is that the topic you chose should be clear and have a logical sequence.There are many places on the internet that offer free travel essay samples for all to use. Make sure that you do check out these resources and check for samples which you can download for personal use as well.Travel essay samples will make the task much easier for you when you are preparing for your essay. Make sure that you apply these tips and techniques to your writing and you will start to see the result you were hoping for.

The Battle Of The Army - 1062 Words

Over the course of the history of man there have be many great military units. The Egyptian Medjay, Thebes of Theban, the Immortals of Persia, and even the Ninjas of Japan were some of the best fighting men of their time. These units were created for one purpose; to win at all cost. King Charles II of England also created his own special unit. â€Å"Formed in the reign of King Charles II on October 28, 1664 as the Duke of York and Albany’s Maritime Regiment of Foot (or Admiral’s Regiment), the name Marines first appeared in the records in 1672† (Museum, RM, and Charles Stadden). This unit is now called the Royal Marines. On June 14th 1775 the Continental Congress created the Continental Army of the thirteen colonies in order to fight the British in the upcoming Revolutionary war. The Army was just an Army, it was not a special unit. Continental Congress needed something more, something Amphibious. In response, Continental Congress created the Marine Corps. The birth of the Marine Corps played a key role in American history prior to 1877 due to their perfection in tactics, and grit. The first instance of the title â€Å"Marine† being officially used in the United States was on Oct 5th 1775 in Philadelphia, PA. Then General George Washington was ordered to recruit men from his ships. It was not until over a month later on 10 November 1775 that the Continental Congress gave the go ahead to form 2 Battalions of Marines. In late November Captain Samuel Nicholas was charged withShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Confederate Army3951 Words   |  16 PagesMonths prior to the battle, the Confederate Army dealt a blow to the Union Army at the battle of Chancellorsville was in May 1863. At the battle of Chancellorsville Major General Joseph Hooker, who commanded the Army of the Potomac, lay in defeat by a smaller force under the command of General Robert E. Lee. The Army of the Northern Virginia had sent the Union forces retreating inflicting over 15,000 casualties. In mid June 1863, General Lee moved his army across the Potomac River for the secondRead MoreThe Battle Of The Confederate Army1405 Words   |  6 Pages36 and the owner of a plantation in Virginia near Norfolk. He had a wife, two daughters, and a son who he intended to pass the plantation on to just as he father had to him. Following the events of Fort Sumter, he elected to join the Confederate army to defend against what he saw as the Union’s invasion. April 20, 1861 Plantation near Norfolk, Virginia The Yanks to the north have the nerve declare war, and a blockade no less, against us over us taking what is rightfully ours! Fort Sumter is partRead MoreThe Battle Of The Spartan Army1759 Words   |  8 PagesGreek colony of Ionia revolted against Persia in 499 B.C., Athens helped the Ionians . King Dorias of Persia sent 30,000 troops to invade Athens, but the Athenians defeated them in the battle of Marathon . When Dorias’s son, Xerxes, became king of Persia, he demanded revenge against Athens. In 480 B.C., with a massive army of about 300,000 men outnumbering the Greek forces 50 to 1, Xerxes arrived at Greece with the goal of burning Athens to the ground . When the Greek city-states saw the Persian invasionRead MoreThe Battle Of Red Army1118 Words   |  5 Pages You re one of those Red Army folks, aren t you? I dragged my gaze away from the brightly colored band-aids to Atlas face. Red Army? Is that what they re calling it nowadays? Before it had been the Red Vigilantes or the Red Devils, but the Red Army did have a certain ring to it. Rook would like it, anyway. That going to be a problem? I asked. It was hard to tell where people stood sometimes. Most of the Lower Society sided with Rook and his Red Army, as they were calling it, whileRead MoreThe Hobbit : The Battle Of The Five Armies1333 Words   |  6 Pagescan be established. (American Psychiatric Association DSM-5) With such a wide array of classified diagnosis available in the DSM-5 it is easy to see psychological concepts in everyday life, especially characters in movies. The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies is not an exception, many of the characters display diagnosable psychological concepts. To simplify analysis due to paper length restrictions focus will be placed on one of the main characters in the movie: Thorin Oakenshield. First, a briefRead MoreThe Battle Of Defending The Red Army Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesThe date is August 15, 1942. 19 year old Alexei Petrov has been on edge for the last two days as German forces continue to siege the city of Stalingrad. Alexei and 100,000 other soldiers of the Re d Army are tasked with the arduous mission of defending the city at all costs. Joseph Stalin has ordered a no retreat policy, and made it clear that it is paramount to win the siege of Stalingrad. It has been a year and a few months since the Germans invaded the Soviet Union and it seems as though nothingRead MoreThe Battle Of Quebec And The British Army2705 Words   |  11 PagesThe Battle of Quebec took place on 13 September 1759. This battle was part of the French and Indian War between the French Army and the British Army. The French-Indian war was the North American front of the Seven Years’ War, which was fought on the European continent and on the Indian subcontinent. The outcome of the Battle Of Quebec would prove pivotal in determining who would control Canada. The British exhibited successful tactics in deception, exploited false assumptions, took audacious actionsRead MoreThe Battle Of The War Periods For Every Army1520 Words   |  7 PagesArmies perfect how to fight the last war, just in time for the next. This unattributed adage has foreshadowed the inter-war periods for every army; a repeatable cycle where the typical outcome is the outbreak of a different type of warfare resulting in a change of tactics, techniques, and procedures at the cost of Soldier s lives. This is why the study of military history holds a heavy emphasis in the United States Army. Whether you are applying to the Command and General Staff College, any Non-CommissionedRead More The Battle of the Five Armies in J.R.R. Tolkiens The Hobbit625 Words   |  3 PagesThe Battle of the Five Armies in J.R.R. Tolkiens The Hobbit Many great works of literature contain violent scene that contribute more to the story than merely an exciting battle to amuse the reader. J.R.R. Tolkien includes several violent scenes throughout his classic work, â€Å"The Hobbit†. The most important of these is â€Å"The Battle of the Five Armies,† which takes place at the end of the novel. This destructive scene has many purposes in the story, several of which are that it causes the unitingRead MoreThe Army : The Battle Of The Second Gulf War1091 Words   |  5 PagesII Marine was closing in on the 3rd Army Division of the Southern States of America. So far, there had been no order from DoD asking the Marines to halt in place. Marine scouts had located the rear echelon of the 3rd and a day later they found the main body. The 3rd had held up ten miles from the rear echelon of the 3rd ID. The Marines that had radio communications with the 3rd ID notified them of the discovery. The 3rd ID graciously thanked the Marines, but told them they already knew. In

Persuasive Speech Effective Communication - 2170 Words

In writing it’s important to have an understanding of what you’re trying to convey for your audience in addition to how you you will present your ideas. Effective communication extends beyond having well organized writing expressed in complete and coherent sentences. The style, tone and clarity of writing must also be considered, as they are constantly changing relative to the audience. Again, analyzing one’s audience and purpose is essential to successful writing. Appropriately, when choosing the most effective language, it is important to consider the document objective as well as the reader. In essence, this idea of effective use of language has been the overarching theme of this online English course. Each writing assignment†¦show more content†¦Thus, the style of language used within the text was often industry specific and possessed a more academic feeling. For example, in the text I often used abbreviations and slang acceptable within the discou rse such as, SCM Supply chain management, KPI Key performance indicator, and RDT Resource dependence. The word choice in this assignment is indicative of that fact that language is chosen in a manner that is appropriate for both the audience and the purpose of the writing. Furthermore, perhaps the greatest contrast and the most evident of how language works differently in various types of writing is the discussion blog post. The blog post allowed the class to engage in different types of formality of language. The formality of the language one uses should match the formality of the situation and the relationship between the writer and reader. Therefore, as the public audience was a class of online students taking a required writing course in the summer, the formality of my writing has often been very informal. For example, in my blog post addressing my concern over the unworthy power of Beyoncà © I wrote, â€Å"It was the year 2008 when the world was blessed with the images of Beyoncà © (unapologetically) dancing around in a leotard. Not only is Beyoncà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s single lady video one of her most notable hits it begins her what is now a decade long relationship ending spree† (Marquis, 2016 ). The formalityShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : Effective Communication And Me1262 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Effective Communication and Me† Hello B.K, How are you? I haven’t spoken to you in a while. It’s me Fayvra, you know the girl that emailed you on Tuesday May 5, 2015 wondering if it was okay for me to miss a whole week of class. Yes a whole week with the exception of a funeral, Well I am so glad your answer was NO. This class has changed my life and leaves a memorable mark that I will never forget. I have truly grown as a student and a person. â€Å"I get it.†, my communication fallacy is not to beRead MoreSpeech Analysis : Speech From Public Speaking Course Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Speech: Speech Analysis Throughout the public speaking course, I ve learned a variety of methods and strategies that have strengthened the effectiveness of my last speech or any speech, that may occur in the near distant future. It was important to understand the elements that were effective and ineffective to avoid making the same mistakes and to have a clear understanding where I may have fallen short in the past and could improve in the future of public speaking. When constructing theRead MoreUse Of Persuasive Speech On The Public Speaking Course Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pageseffectiveness for my last speech or any speech, that my occur in the near distant future. It was important to understand elements that were effective and ineffective to avoid making the same mistakes and to have a clear understanding Where I may have fell short in the past and could improve in the future of public speaking. When constructing the persuasive speech it was important to use the rhetoricl methods such as the a few of t he 5 canons of Rhetoric as well as a few communication strategies, these tipsRead MoreThe A Deep Bruise, A Black Eye, And A Bloody Nose1509 Words   |  7 Pagesthis essay, I will discuss the primary message within the announcement. I will then identify the purpose of the video and to whom this PSA is directed. I will analyze the communicational techniques, as well as the type of speech within the video. Prove how the video is effective and decide its ethicality. Finally, I will conclude with a personal reflection of lessons I have learned. After searching for a Public Service Announcement online, one of the video images caught my attention: a woman withRead MoreThe Psychology Of Language : Why Are Some Words More Persuasive Than Others?920 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article, The Psychology of Language: Why Are Some Words More Persuasive Than Others? Leo Widrich discusses the basic concepts of how the brain processes language, and its relation to an effective persuasive communication. Furthermore, the author attempts to convey his audience into the belief that non-verbal expressions, brevity, and adjective avoidance are key elements to a successful communication. Simultaneously, the author suggests three ideas to keep in mind when using language. InRead MoreReflection On My Persuasive Speech Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesReflection on my Persuasive Speech All communication is an attempt to influence, highlights Back (1951) and, by extension, hinders the audience s preconceptions on a topic. Thinking about communication and particular verbal strategies and theory both brought forth excellent criticisms and compliments ofor my persuasive speech. It s purpose being to persuade the audience in favour of Britian s exit from the European Union. My persausive speech aimed to educate the audience further on a topic andRead MoreAnalysis Of Elie Wiesels Speech1199 Words   |  5 Pagespresented a speech as part of the Millennium Lecture Series at the White House on April 12, 1999 2.(Wiesel 221). President Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary Clinton hosted the formal event. Numerous government officials from a wide order of public, private and foreign office attended the event 2.(Wiesel 221). Although Elie Wiesel designed his speech to persuade, it actually felt somewhat outside from its original intended purpose, as being more different. Wiesel’s speech, persuasive in nature, wasRead MoreKevin Rudd1193 Words   |  5 PagesIndigenous community. The 26th Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Michael Rudd who is an English - Irish man, astonishing and surprising the whole of Australian citizens by delivering a speech entitled ‘Sorry’. He received a standing ovation as he entered the hall before he delivered his remarkable speech. His speech is an official apology on behalf of the Australian government to the Aboriginals, but in particular it is directed to the stolen generation. Between the year of 1910 and 1970Read MoreThe Role Of Persuasive Communications And Eliciting Communication At Nursing Practice Through The Videos We Have Practiced And Recorded1678 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Assignment Qing Wan Communication can be defined as the exchange of information, thoughts and feelings among people using speech or other means (Kourkouta and Papathanasiou, 2014). It is divided into verbal (speech) and non-verbal communication. Speech is not always the most important means of communication â€Å"Equally important are the messages conveyed through non-verbal means, such as facial expression (including eye contact), body posture, body position, movement and gestures† (LavenderRead MoreAnalysis Of The Wild, Rocky 4, Pursuit Of The, And A Beautiful Mind863 Words   |  4 Pagesboldness it projected to the audience. The speech is approximately six minutes and was published on July 2, 2013. It provides the audience with a background on how they should make their dreams real. Although obstacles will develop when we are trying to fulfill dreams—the purpose is to separate from negativity and dream big. Even though the fear of failure overtakes our mind, we cannot allow the f ear to deter us from living out our dream. Finally, the speech uses clips from movies titled, Into The

Importance of Management Accounting-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Explain the Nature and Importance of Management Accounting, and the Current Roles and Responsibilities of Management Accountants in Contemporary Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction Management accounting refers to the analysis and the interpretation of the accounting information in such a manner so as to help the top level management regarding decision making. It helps the management in functions like planning, analysing, forecasting, reporting and so on. Management accountants are the one who analyse and interpret the financial data in order to help the managers in taking decisions and control over the business. Cost accountants does the work of creating the budgets and managing the cost of organisation. This report is all about the responsibilities and role of a cost and management accountants and the job description for the position of cost and management accountant, its selection criteria and the skills required for this position (DRURY, 2013). The below table shows the 10 different job positions of cost and management accountant and their description collected from the different websites. Data Collection Table 1: Cost and Management accounting positions. No. Position Title Sector(Industry or Government) Position Description Date Listed Website Address Search word or phrases 1 Cost/ Operations Accountant Industry Preparation of the annual budget, keeping the cost up to date and analysing various cost. 18-Oct-17 www.seek.com.au Accountant 2 Management Accountant Industry Database management and providing monthly management reports 13-Oct-17 www.adzuna.com.au Management Accountant 3 Cost Controller Industry Tracking and managing the cost, doing estimations and preparing budgets. 27-0ct-17 www.seek.com.au Cost 4 Regional Management Accountant Industry Providing management analysis and monitoring junior staff. 27-Oct-17 www.seek.com.au Management accountant 5 Project Accountant, Project Cost Controller. Industry Review of cost and expenses, budgeting and forecasting, report on WIP and projects. 1-Nov-2017 www.carrerone.com.au Cost Accounting 6 Senior Management Accountant Industry Reviewing the financial policies and procedures and overall financial performance of the organisation 18-Oct-17 www.au.jora.com Management accountant 7 Financial Analyst Industry Report to senior financial analyst, making annual budgets and forecasts. 19-Oct-17 www.apsjob.gov.au Accounting 8 Cost Accountant Industry Cost reporting, product costing management, analysing inventory, balance sheet and implementing reductions of cost 7-Nov-2017 www.careerjet.com.au Accountant 9 Management Accountant Industry Giving decisions to finance department and executives of university. 25-Oct-17 www.au.jora.com Management. 10 Manufacturing Cost Accountant Industry Time to time costing of manufactured items, reports on analysis of cost and manufacturing 5-Nov-17 www.recruit.net accountant Data Analysis The given table shows the analysis of the data collected related to the job positions of cost or management accountant. Table2: Data Analysis No. Position Title Position Requirements (responsibilities) Cost and Management Accounting criteria required for position Alignment with learning outcomes of ACCT 6004 1. Cost/ Operations Accountant The key role is to develop standard costing and updating costs. Analysing material, labour. And overhead costs Monthly accounting, reporting and reviewing the process of supply chain and manufacturing. Ad hoc cost analysis, inventory analysis. Preparing budgets and forecasts. CPA or CA Excellent Interactive skills. Excel knowledge and analytical skills. Capable of working independently and as a part of a team. Yes 2. Management Accountant Doing trend analysis and helping marketing, sales teams. Working efficiently with others in order to reduce cost and increase efficiency. Managing databases and creating ad hoc reports. Reporting and variance analysis. CA or CPA qualified. Experience in the similar industry or Big 4 experience. Knowledge of inventory. Ability to interact with other staff (non-financial). Very good excel skills. Determined towards the work. Yes 3. Cost Controller Evaluating cost performance Cost estimates for projects delivery. Making standard cost as per industry standards. Analysing the scenario of uncertainty. Understanding flow of cost with help of tracking tools. Accounts training such as ERP/SAP/Pronto. Accounting Qualifications like CPA/CA. Experience counts-5 years Good communication and management skills. Capable of working independently and as part of team. Yes 4. Regional Management Accountant Giving analysis and reports on management to the companies. Coordinating with the senior and junior staff. Interacting and working with other staff also (non-finance and operations). CPA/CA Having experience of the same position. Active, determined and an autonomous worker. Great communication skills. Yes 5. Project Accountant, Project Cost Controller Providing financial support. Reporting to project director. Involvement in process of business control, planning process. Doing management of contract and working capital. Cost and expenditure review. Project and WIP reporting. Budgets and forecasts. Qualification- CA/CPA. Technical skills in project accounting. Have leadership qualities. Highly focused on the work. Capability of giving good customer services. Yes 6. Senior Management Accountant Supporting the Business Finance Manager. Developing good relations with the people at all levels. Reviewing the performance and analysing the factors affecting it. Making financial objectives and policies. Capable of working to strict deadlines. Pursuing or completed CA or CPA. Advanced excel knowledge. Good at interacting with people. Have been used a large ERP system. Must take initiatives. Yes 7. Financial Analyst Have to be a member of budgets and forecasting. Must report to senior financial analyst. Responsible for the delivery of outputs for Defence Housing Australia (DHA) Providing corporate plans, budgets and forecasts Professional accounting knowledge. High level analytical and forecasting skills. Great communication skills. Maintain relations with stakeholders and top management. Meeting the required medical standards and all the security checks. Yes 8. Cost Accountant Analysis and accounting of inventory, balance sheet and profit loss. Budget analysis, product costing management, BOMs scorecard, KPI and reporting of cost. Cost reductions implementation and improving profits. Developing cost accounting models. Analysis and management of variances and projects proposal. CPA and having a degree of professional accounting. ERP knowledge such as JDE. Experience of accounting in manufacturing. Communicating with senior finance and stakeholders. Good interacting skills. Yes 9. Management Accountant: Budgeting and Course Costing. Supporting in decision making process. Budgeting, forecasting and assisting the manager. Doing course costing. Performing all the desired task by preparing a framework which ensures quality, and transparency. CA, CPA Planning experience. Strong analytical skills required. Information about using ERP system. Effective communication. Yes 10. Manufacturing Cost Accountant Accurate costing of manufactured and purchased items. Providing support to ARC head office. Properly maintained, prepared manufacturing cost elements. Reports on cost analysis and manufacturing. Support strategic improvement initiatives. Tertiary qualification such as CA, CPA, CIMA. Experience in manufacturing costing. Strong communication and organisational skills. Have experience in financial modelling. Have used Symix before. Yes Report Website search summary Job websites: The data is collected from different job websites named as seek, adzuna, carrerone.com, au.jora, apsjob.gov.au, careerjet.com and recruit.net. Seek is considered to be the Australias number one job website. Common sectors: All the positions mainly belong to the industry sector. Classification of jobs: The jobs are classified in two categories: Cost accountants: Cost/ Operations Accountant, Cost Controller, Project Accountant, Project Cost Controller, Cost Accountant and Manufacturing Cost Accountant. Management accountants: Management Accountant, Regional Management Accountant, Senior Management Accountant, Financial Analyst, Management Accountant: Budgeting and Course Costing. Common requirements and responsibilities of job positions Basic and common requirements for these two job profiles are that, either being a cost or management accountant, one should be familiar with the work of preparing reports, budgets and forecasts. The person should know how to analyse the various costs, to find the reasons for the inaccuracies and variances, to manage the financial accounts of a business, inventory, doing ad-hoc projects and to support the other managers of the cost centre and the directors in decision making process. Requirements related to cost and management accounting knowledge and skills To get selected for the profile of cost and management accountant, the person should have a solid accounting background and should have qualified CA, CPA, CIMA, CMA and ACA. Excellence in MS Excel, used to ERP system, strong analytical skills and a very good communication skills. Most common cost and management skills required CA, CPA, CIMA, ACA and CMA are considered as the most common and important cost and management accounting skills required for the job positions of the cost accountant and management accountant. These are the various professional courses conducted by the institutions such as ICAI, AICPA, and ICAEW. These courses are very beneficial as they help in getting high level education, aggregated information, specialisation and professional knowledge, helps in attaining good designation in an organisation. To get the job of an accountant, one need to excel in these courses as they are the basic requirements for these jobs. As per my opinion, CPA and CA are the most desirable, common and important accounting skills required to get the position of the accountants. Although there are many skills that are require to attain the job of accountant, but these two skills are most considerable among all of them. Every organisation seeks CA and CPA knowledge in every candidate who applies for the job of accountant. Less common cost and management skills required There are many diploma courses in accounts and undergraduate course which are not given much priority for the position of accountant. These courses have a short duration and does not attract a good job profile. They do not provide high level specialisation in the field and generally considered on a basic level. To be a management and cost accountant, one have to gain higher professional knowledge by pursuing course like CA, CPA and so on. As per my opinion, having degrees like bachelor in commerce and bachelor in commerce honours, will not help the candidate to meet the selection criteria of the accountant job. These bachelor courses and degrees are not considered to be specialised and professional courses. A candidate need to pursue some higher skill to get selected for the job. Challenges faced by cost and management accountants Other than accounting knowledge and skills, there are various challenges faced by management accountants. The factors which bring changes in the profession of management accounting are environmental and organisational factors. Environmental factors are termed as external factors such as market globalization, changes in business environment, up gradation in the production technologies, and so on which influence the role of a management accountant. Emergence of new regulations and new tools of manufacturing has also made it more challenging for the accountants. Organisational factors generally deal with relation between customer and supplier, team work, strategies, uncertainties and so on. They directly affect the day to day operations of a business Changes in the work pattern, quality of product, changes in attitude are turned out as the challenges which are being faced by accountants at organisational level. There is a need to react to these changes and making the role less challengi ng. Alignment of ACCT6004 to positions The topics covered in ACCT 6004 gives the concept of cost and management accounting, cost classification and allocation, cost- volume-profit analysis, job and process costing, variance and cost analysis for the purpose of decision making. All these topics give the thorough knowledge about accounting skill which is required to be gained for the position of an accountant. The learning outcomes of this subject explain the nature, importance, current roles and responsibilities of a management accountant and also analyse the organisational issues. These outcomes are aligned to the job positions to the great extent as they help in a better understanding of the responsibilities of an accountant. The person is capable of attaining such job positions only, when he has the basic knowledge about cost, management and accounting. The jobs clearly elaborate the role and duties of accountants which in turn explains the learning outcomes of this subject (Abdallah, 2017). Future study implications ACCT6004 Cash flow statement and fund flow statement are the topics, which are not covered in ACCT 6004. They are also a part of management accounting. Cash flow statement shows the inflow and outflow of cash in the different activities of an organisation whereas fund flow statement show the changes in the working capital of a company. It gives the information about the application and sources of the funds. I think these topics should be covered in this subject as they give a better view of circulation of money in a business and provide accountant, the information about the financial position of the company, change in asset level, uses of the fund and many more. On a whole, this information is very useful for the management accountant for preparing the accounts and reports. Conclusion From the above report, it can be concluded that cost and management accounting skills and knowledge are the basic requirements for the job position of cost accountant and management accountant. These job positions perfectly align with the learning outcomes to ACCT 6004 as they require the knowledge of what management accounting is. Its nature, importance and the positions also clearly states the roles and duties of a management accountant. Reference Abdallah, W. (2017). Management Accounting Practices in the Global Business Environment: the Case of the Middle East.

Misanthrope Of Moliere Essays - The Misanthrope, Operas, Theatre

Misanthrope Of Moliere The Misanthrope by Moliere, 1622 Main characters Alceste - He is in love with Celimene and very cynical about people and the way they act. Celimene - She is conceited and shallow being everything that Alceste dislikes in a person. Philinte - He is a good friend of Alceste but just the opposite in character since he is less frank and more sincere towards others. Arsinoe - She serves as a foil to Celimene being just as clever but less shallow. Minor Characters Eliante - She is Celimene's good and reasonable cousin. Oronte - He is in love with Celimene and a writer of poetry. Clitandre - He is another suitor trying to gain the hand of Celimene. Setting Celimene's apartment - There is very little action and very much dialogue in this play which takes place in this apartment. Plot The play opens with a conversation between Alceste and Philinte. Alceste shows himself to be very cynical about the motives of people and Philinte shows himself to be very sincere believing that people should be kind to each other even if it meant putting on a false face. We learn this through Alceste's and Philinte's comments on a poem written by their friend Oronte. Alceste thinks it is horrible while Philinte thinks it is wonderful. Philinte also says that Alceste was too blunt and could have softened his criticism. Later, Alceste decides to go see Celimene and talk about their relationship. He tells her that she should get rid of the rest of her suitors and she insists that he is her only true lover. The rest of the suitors at Celimene's apartment believe the same as Alceste. As they are talking, Oronte enters with the marshal who tells Alceste to apologize to Oronte about the comments he made on his poem. Then Acaste and Clitandre argue over who is the better lover for Celimene. After that situation, Arsinoe comes in to confront Celimene about her personality. They discuss the matter very heatedly and Arsinoe does not succeed in putting down Celimene. Finally after these conversations, Alceste brings a letter to the attention of everyone. It is a letter from Celimene to Oronte. He tries to confront Celimene about it, but she denies any such letter. Alceste wants to leave all these problems he is having, but Philinte convinces him to stay and think everything through. Then Oronte goes to Celimene to find out whom she truly loves and then all of the others come in shortly after. While all of the characters are together Acaste reads his letter from Celimene that discloses her feeling about everyone. Once this was revealed, Clitandre and Acaste decide that she is not worth their time so they leave. Oronte leaves her with a few words and then Arsinoe tells her a thing or two. Alceste forgives her and still wants to be with her. She really does not want to be with him and then Alceste decides that she is really not worth his time and he really does not like her. Philinte and Eliante decide to get married and make it their duty to make Alceste happy. Symbols Alceste - He symbolizes the cynicism and hypocrisy of the manners of the time. Philinte - He symbolizes the sometimes false goodness and friendship of people. lawsuits - This represents irony and the effects of telling the truth since Alceste is punished by Oronte with a lawsuit for telling the truth. Style This is a French tragic comedy written in Alexandrines which are couplets of 6 beats. It was translated into English iambic pentameter with rhymed couplets. The strong beat and rhyming of the dialogue flow well and enhance the supposed wit of the characters. Philosophy This is a comedy of manners showing the hypocrisy that the author saw in the court during his time. He shows through the play that one should not be painfully frank all the time and not always be insincere, either. One must find a balance between the two where the truth can be conveyed with tact. Quotes Alceste, "Friends? Friends, you say? Well, cross me off your list I've been your friend till now as you well know; But after what I saw a moment ago I tell you flatly that our ways must part. I wish no place in a dishonest heart." Alceste expresses his disapproval of the way Philinte hugs everyone. Act 1, sc 1, ln 9-13. Celimene, "She shows her zeal in every holy place, But still

Japan

Japan is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government. The three branches of government, judicial, executive and legislative have a system of checks and balances and separation of powers. Sovereignty is vested in the people; the emperor is the symbol of the state.1 The nations that make up Japan consist of different ethnic groups and religions. The different ethnicities include 99.4 percent Japanese and 0.6 percent Korean.2 Ethnic Koreans regularly face discrimination in housing, education, and employment opportunities. For example, they are not automatically deemed Japanese citizens at birth, and must submit to an official background check and adopt Japanese names to become naturalized.3 Religious preferences are diverse, eighty four percent of the population is either Shinto or Buddhist, 0.7 percent is Christians, the other 15.3 percent are members of other faiths.4 These religions co-exist well, and compliment each other. The people hold the power in Japan because it is a democracy. Its culture stresses people and personal relations over parties. Until about 1975 there was no question who ruled Japan; it was the state bureaucracy. After 1975, the Liberal Democratic Party was in power, but during times of crisis the bureaucracy prevails.5 After its surrender in WWII, Japan reconstituted itself and became a democracy,6 by adopting an American drafted constitution in 1947. The majority of the population considers Japan a legitimate authority. However, Japan passes all but one of the four tests of legitimacy. First, they provide results for the population, such as food, shelter, money and jobs. Second, the general population obeys laws through habit, and benefit from these laws. Third, there is a history of a stable government, even before Japan became a democracy. Religion is accepted and peaceful. The test it does not pass is the one for ethnicity, in Japan there is a very small Korean minori...

Brannigan Foods

Suggested Strategy 1) Raise Investments in Dry Soups / Healthier Soups / Fast Meals 2) Increase advertising investment in Fast Simple Soup meals and Heart Healthy Soup line. ïÆ'   Fast Simple Soup meals addresses the market demand created by professionals and working mothers looking for quick, healthy meal. Sales of this line are growing @ 12%. Interesting to see this is growing without advertising so why spend? ïÆ'   Heart Healthy Soup line with low-sodium is well positioned to address the concerns of the over-50 consumers. 3) Provide promotional couponing and sampling of hot new flavors, in particular dry mix Gazpacho and Teriyaki Beef Fast Simple meal. Why these two? ïÆ'   Gazpacho increases sales during warmer months, decreasing seasonality. ïÆ'   Teriyaki beef positions company in fast growing Asian soups category. 4) Continue to promote dry soups, even if they cannibalize Ready-to-Eat (RTE) soups. Bottom Line Srikant wants to increase advertising and promo spending by $18 million. He thinks this should help stop the slide in sales and market share, but this will also reduce next year’s profits. Whats wrong with this proposal? The CEO will not like that profits will be revised downward in 2013. Plus although the trend in the future was toward healthier options, it didn’t necessarily mean this will come to fruition as close to 70% of the US was overweight and interested in changing their eating habits so why chase a trend which may not even be working? Claire Mackey – Director of Finance Planning Suggested Strategy MA, Claire wants to buy a small competitor who offers healthy and more convenient soups as well as flavors that are gaining in popularity (Mexican, Southeast Asian) Bottom Line Claire likes Red Dragon Foods the best; they have $36 million in sales EBITDA $4.2million. Acquisition will probably add around 1.5 to 3.5% to sales within five years. Red Dragon will cannibalize less than 0.3% of total sales. Acquisition would be reasonably cheap in terms of hitting profit. Clark is looking for minimum ROI of 10% after five years of sales. What’s wrong with this proposal? The company acquired Annabelle’s Foods soups division five years ago and that acquisition had high hopes as well, the acquisition has been a nightmare since. It was only supposed to take two years to breakeven but it ended up taking five. Anna Chong Head of R D / Chief Innovation Officer Strategy Best option isn’t to buy another company with products they can easily duplicate Milk the cash cows and invest in rising stars. Increase ad and promo support spending for new products. Helps longer term. Develop new products internally instead of buying a company! Increased spending for the new Ready to Eat (RTE) products from RD including Raise RD budget to $19 million from $14 million to increase pace of new product creation and development. (Examples in case) Bottom Line Invest in the company, don’t buy another brand, focus on what you have and put $ into RD What’s wrong with this proposal? Many new products are bombs, as in the past. Low success rate for new products in the industry. However, Anna had some good ideas as the innovation was taking off from a customer standpoint. New RTE flavors were a good dieas as they can increase price per can to $0.10 which means net earnings will be increase of $12 million after spending 6% of the proposed advertising budget just for these specific new prodcuts. Bob Pugh, VP Sales Marketing Strategy Take a $0.05 cent price per can cut on the core RTE wet soups. These account for 64% of division sales and 71% of total profit. (This will eat into profits) Increase Advertising and Promo budget by $20 million to get back market share for the brand, as it was taken away in recent years due to slowdown in AP spend. Bottom Line What’s wrong with the proposal?

Ethical Analysis of the Ed Fischer Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical Analysis of the Ed Fischer - Case Study Example Thus, the responsibility of the scientist is to discover new things. In the same way a lawyer helps in the justice, it is lawyer's responsibility to make sure that a proper justice is done to his/her client, so on and so forth. However all professions are governed by something other than just mere responsibility and duty. Sometimes it is not enough to just do your job. There are times when one needs to decide between what can be done and what should be done and at times, there are more choices available. It is slightly more complicated than it sounds. This is because there are other factors that play a role in the decision-making. These other factors define ethics. Ethics is not just about right or wrong or true or false. It is not that simple to define either. Ethics is not governed by rules or laws. Neither is there any ethical book of conduct. Ethics is actually a philosophy that existed for a long time for the betterment of the mankind. So then, one may ask if ethics is not law, neither it's a rule then what is ethics And why should one even bother to think about it Well there are good reasons to do so. Ethics defines the right actions based on the moral conduct and behavior for a greater good of an individual or a society. i.e., following the ethical standards would lead to following the general beliefs of the society. However, having said this, one may ask if it is always good to follow the ethics. Well that is a difficult question to answer. There are occasions when one needs to make a decision on either to follow the ethics or not. This can be elaborated further with Ed Fisher's case. Ed is currently bed ridden and needs assistance for most of his activities. He can't move his arms, can hardly move, and is really week due to eating disorders. His wife has died and is has three adult children. He has lost his desire to live longer in spite of having the possibility. The question that one needs to ask now is should a person who is suffering with so many severe symptoms still be convinced to live. Nevertheless, before asking that question, we need to ask what should be the reason to live, alternatively, if there should be any reason at all. The reason that a person lives, is not simply because he or she can move around or has the ability to do difficult tasks, but it is due to the reason that he has a soul within him or her. Moreover, as long as the soul exists, every living form in this world has the right to live life to the fullest and as long as possible. Having said that, the next question that arises is, everyone has the right to live but does anyone has the right to end his life as per his wish no matter what the circumstances are. What shall one do when a person decides to not to extend the days in his life Shall that person be allowed to die or shall that person be treated to the maximum possible way in order to extend his days fully As discussed in the beginning of this essay, these are the questions of ethics. These questions are toughest to answer and a nightmare for medical professionals. In Ed Fisher's case, it is obvious that he will not live much longer without the feeding tube. Therefore, for Ed, the advantages and disadvantages of undergoing the surgery are as follows: Advantages: He can live longer Can see his children prosper in their careers and personal lives Can see his grandchildren May learn or experience something new because you never stop learning until you

Comparative politics and Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparative politics and Governance - Essay Example France is taken to be the birthplace of liberal democracy in the modern era, sharing leadership culturally in the development of democratic society internationally with Britain and the USA. The ideals of democracy can be found in literature and transported to any location, but their implementation as a system of government is most strong in the USA and France today. Britain still has the House of Lords and Monarchy which illustrate the feudal patterns of society which liberal democracy replaced, and Spain also has a Constitutional Monarchy and King. The patterns of democratic liberalism found in the USA and France are used as a basis for development of similar systems in nation-states around the world in the process of modernization that relates to democratization internationally. Jurgen Habermas (1994) discusses the process of democratization as it aligns with modernization in his work, â€Å"Three Normative Models of Democracy,† relating the different stages a nation may ent er into as the people emerge from feudal power relations. (Habermas, 1994) Following this theory, liberal democratic structures will increase in a society as the culture develops economically and through education, adopting scientific standards, and becoming globalized. This theory would suggest that the world’s most advanced economies, such as the U.S., France, and Spain, would be also the most free historically, or have the highest advocacy for democratic institutions. Yet, China has the second largest economy globally, and it is often found to be lacking in liberal democratic openness on these standards. Similarly, Russia replaced the Soviet regime with a technically democratic system, and still has a strong economy today, yet international watchdogs regularly report human rights abuses and undemocratic processes in the country. This leads to the conclusion that there is not a direct relation between the size or advancement of an economy and liberal democracy as a politica l system inherently, as seen particularly in Russia and China today, but also in historical examples from around the world. Nevertheless, the relationship between modernization and democratization does proceed together in many nations historically, as Barber and other show in their studies on political sociology. (Barber, 2003) 2: The separation of executive and legislature is a fundamental requirement of democratic government’. Discuss. The separation of the legislature and executive is not the fundamental characteristic of democratic government, because the Parliamentary system of government links the Prime Minister directly to the ruling party and its control of the majority of legislators. What is more important than the relationship of separation of powers and indicative of a liberal democracy historically is the use of a constitution in the establishment of the system of government itself. Habermas, in such works as â€Å"On the Internal Relation between the Rule of La w and Democracy† (1995), describes the existence of a constitution as a foundation document in a system of government as characteristic and a predictor of democratic liberalism. (Habermas, 1995) Yet, France, Spain, US, Russia and Nigeria all have constitutions and make claims to political liberalism, but in practice display

The Important Discovery of Kenyanthropus Platyops - The Flat Faced Man

The Important Discovery of Kenyanthropus Platyops - The Flat Faced Man of Kenya A recent finding on the western shore of Lake Turkana in northern Kenya, a semi-desert area, could hold bold new implication for the origin of man. The finding was the skull of a very early hominid which displays facial features of both modern man and early, more primitive ancestors. The findings have been dated to approximately 3.5 million years, a time period once thought to be dominated by human ancestors that did not posses any noticeable and unique characteristics held by modern man. The find was discovered by Meave Leakey of the National Museums of Kenya and her colleagues, Fred Spoor, Frank H. Brown, Patrik N. Gathogo, Christopher Kiarie, Louise N. Leakey and Ian McDougall. The find originated from an area in Northern Kenya which has been a hot bed for early hominid fossils, and has earned the nickname the â€Å"Leakey Stable†. The specific area in Northern Kenya is located in the Lomekwi and Topernawi river drainages in the Turkana district. The type locality is LO-6N at 03’ 54.03’ north latitude, 035’ 44.40’ east longitude. The bed where the skull was found contains sedimentary and volcanic rocks in addition to the skulls placement between the Lokochot Tuff, and Tulu Bor Tuff, layers of earth that have an approximate age, allowed the scientist to conclude that the skull was approximately 3.5 million years old. Although the skull was dated 3.5 million years old it held distinctly human facial features, earning it its name Kenyanthropus platyops – The Flat-Faced Man of Kenya. It has a flat face, protruding somewhat like an ape with small teeth. The skulls cranium falls within the range of A. afarensis and A. africa... ...g this modern people can see their past and present in the natural world and come to a better understanding of what it truly means to be human. Bibliography 1. Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N. and McDougall, I. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages Nature 410, 433 - 440 (2001). 2. http://www.nature.com/nsu/010322/010322-8.html Notes: [1] Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N. and McDougall, I. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages Nature 410, 433 - 440 (2001). Pg. 436 [2] Leakey, M. G., Spoor, F., Brown, F. H., Gathogo, P. N., Kiarie, C., Leakey, L. N. and McDougall, I. New hominin genus from eastern Africa shows diverse middle Pliocene lineages Nature 410, 433 - 440 (2001). Pg. 433

Anita Roddick (The Body Shop) Essay

Inspiring profiles and best practices for entrepreneurs Twenty-six years ago the Brighton Evening Argus ran a story on a dispute between two funeral parlour owners who were upset about a new cosmetics boutique which had opened up next door. It wasn’t the nature of the business they were getting hot under the collar about, but its name. They thought the green shop front emblazoned with the words Body Shop in gold leaf might put off prospective customers. â€Å"They wanted me to change my shop front which I had just spent  £870 of my  £4,000 loan on,† recalls Roddick. â€Å"My smart move was to call the Argus and tell them I was being threatened by Mafia undertakers who wanted to close me down.† The press loved it. The story of the beleaguered single mum with the house in hock trying to support her two kids with a bootstrapping start-up worked a treat. The small splash made Body Shop a cause celebre, won plenty of local support and won an important battle to get the business off the ground. The anecdote is a small aside, recounted with a chuckle and a hint of outrage in a long interview. But although the battles got much bigger as Roddick grew her business into the multinational retailer it is today, anyone with even a passing familiarity with the Body Shop story will instantly recognise the defining characteristics of its fiery feisty founder in those early days of the business: Ethical Anita versus the big bad world. There has never been any compromise in Roddick’s views on how business should be done: this is why her husband Gordon was tasked with handling the City suits (â€Å"they didn’t like me talking about sexual tension at work†) and why she stepped away from the business in 1998 when the shareholders said a campaigning chief executive was not what they wanted for Body Shop. You might think after thirty years of business and the comfort of a healthy shareholding and a wedge of cash in the bank Roddick’s hunger for campaigning might have diminished. But little has changed since 1976. Her latest venture, a publishing start-up, produces books on ethical matters. It promotes her on the speaking circuit and all the profits going into campaigning. The only difference is now she occupies the position of an icon for women and female entrepreneurs: â€Å"something I don’t take lightly† And there is still plenty to shout about when it comes to what she sees as an ethical vacuum in business today. Suffocation She rails against the suffocation of UK businesses as we outsource to cheaper countries; the failure to preserve the needs of shareholders in public companies; the lack of respect for the responsibility of business to the community at large; the ongoing need for women to conform to a male template in order to succeed; the lack of recognition of the value that employees bring to a business. â€Å"Being ethical in business is not about giving stuff away† Roddick is emphatic about what this means in practice: not sandals, beards and group hugs in the boardroom but the adoption of simple moral values. â€Å"People use the excuse of business to leave their morals at the front door and I don’t know how they get away with it.† But can ethical business really fit in with the cut-throat world of today? Her business, she says, is living proof. She describes Body Shop as a â€Å"great business experiment† which is still proving a point: you can run an entrepreneurial business, provide a return to shareholders while campaigning on ethical issues and placing a high value on human capital. â€Å"Being ethical in business is not about giving stuff away. It’s about your relationship with your employees, it’s about the aesthetics of the workplace and it’s about communication,† says Roddick. â€Å"There is no reason why the workplace can’t be a genuine creative place, why there can’t be flexitime, why there can’t be transparency and even good manners.† If Roddick doesn’t sound like a business woman it’s because she has never claimed to be one. She puts her success down to a need for a livelihood and sees herself as the accidental entrepreneu r.

John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men - 1051 Words

Besides the American Dream, the theme of death plays a major role and is recurring in both texts. From the novel ‘Of mice and men’, both Lennie and Curley’s Wife die. From this we can deduce that they both got killed due to their differences and society looking at them in a different way. Both texts also foreshadow the future deaths from the beginning to the end of the texts, there is hints everywhere. The moment that Curley’s Wife was introduced, an ill feeling overcame the atmosphere indicating that Lennie will be getting into a mess with her. At the beginning, George clearly states that Lennie always gets George into trouble. Steinbeck states ‘You do bad things and I got to get you out’. Previously, before George and Lennie arrived at the ranch, Lennie got into trouble by supposedly attacking the only woman in Weed. This also suggests that there will be trouble between Curley’s Wife, who is the only woman on the ranch and Lennie. Con necting ends with ends, this shows that the only two women are insecure. Later on, there was an intimation that she is going to be killed by Lennie as Lennie kills the soft things he likes to ‘pet’ such as the puppy and the mouse. In the novel Curley’s Wife lets him touch her dress, which is soft therefore leading to an inevitable death. Steinbeck also foreshadows that Lennie won’t last long in this harsh world. At the beginning of the novel, Steinbeck portrays the scenery to be bucolic and wonderfully peace however that happy sanctuaryShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1248 Words   |  5 PagesIn Steinbeck s novel Of Mice and Men, He uses imagery many times to create a realistic setting and plot. Steinbeck’s depiction of migrant workers and their daily complications during the depression are objectively precise due to his use of imagery with idioms, dreams, nature, loneliness and animal imagery. The main theme of the book transpires to be loneliness and fate. While George and Lennie, the main characters have a synergetic relationship, fate steps in and does away with their dreams, whichRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men897 Words   |  4 Pagesthat we possess. Many people feel certain emotions based on events that have taken place in their lifetime or how they were raised through out their childhood. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, he portrays the feelings of isolation and loneliness in three different characters. George’s isolation is illustrated in Steinbeck’s, Of Mice and Men. George expresses many hard feelings towards Lennie at the opening of this story. â€Å"‘...you’re a lot of trouble,’ said George. ‘I could get along so easy and soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1243 Words   |  5 Pagesis what John Steinbeck achieves by portraying this through the characters in his novella Of Mice and Men. The main characters are affected by loneliness in their own different way throughout the novella. rf The loneliness is maintained by the challenges that the characters have to face, and they sustain those challenges of being inhumane towards each other. Crook, a figure in the story who experiences discrimination encounters the challenge of race, due to the book’s setting in the 1930’s duringRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1080 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I want you to stay with me Lennie. Jesus Christ, somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself.† The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck shows the relationship between two migrant workers in the 1930s, George and Lennie, along with the other members on the new ranch that they began working on. Georgie and Lennie dreamed of following the American Dream and owning their own patch of land and the novel revolves around the dream and the obstacles that stand in their way. Lennie, a strongRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1286 Words   |  6 PagesThe realistic fiction novella O f Mice And Men by John Steinbeck explains the journey of two migrant farm workers. Lennie and George are forced to overcome the Dust Bowl and The Great Depression around 1938. This makes jobs even harder to come by because everyone wanted one. Lennie and George were kicked out of Weed and they now work at a ranch in Soledad. At the new farm the friendship between Lennie and George becomes harder to maintain. The people on the farm are all different shapes, sizes, andRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men2167 Words   |  9 Pagesjobs. In John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, George Milton and Lennie Small wander through California in search of a new job that would help them make enough money to live their American dream on â€Å"the fatta the lan’†(Steinbeck 14). George and Lennie’s hard work and determination is not enough for them to live their dream. Lennie has a mental disability that slows the two friends down from living their dream; they have to ru n from job to job because of Lennie’s unintentional actions. Steinbeck incorporatesRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1360 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeling, thinking and acting in everyday life. In the story Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, a duo of farmers, George and Lennie, search for work wherever they can. Their dream of having a farm of their own is coming into reach, while George has to wield Lennie away from the temptation of Curley’s wife and the reality of what Lennie can do. John Steinbeck uses characterization to illustrate the nature of human existence. Steinbeck portrays George as a man who tries to help, and helps others soRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1448 Words   |  6 Pages In the novella, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck discusses the idea of loneliness and how people who work at the ranch have no family and no future in lives. He indicates that all people at the ranch are lonely, but he specifically uses a few characters to highlight their state of being lonely and more miserable than the others. He emphasizes the loneliness of ranch life during the Great Depression, and shows how people are willing to try and find friendship in order to escape from the state ofRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1205 Words   |  5 Pagesand the time period of John Steinbeck s novella, Of Mice and Men, exemplifies the idea that people from minorities are held back from achieving their version of the ‘American Dream’. This goes to prove not everyone will overcome the overbearing tidal waves of their hardship s, which makes the American Dream nothing more than a dream to them. Crooks, the black stable hand, faces discrimination due to his skin color as this unfortunately was common in the 1930’s. John Steinbeck uses Crooks’ situationRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men968 Words   |  4 PagesSolidifying the theme of John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, the protagonist George expresses his significant loneliness despite a strong kinship with his friend Lennie, â€Å"’I ain’t got no people†¦ I seen the guys that go around the ranches alone. That ain’t no good’† (41). Published in 1937, amidst the horrific turmoil of the Great Depression, Steinbeck’s novella struck a sensitive chord with readers. Set in the heart of California’s Central Valley, this story follows two men, George and Lennie, as they

Essay on What It Means To Be A Woman in The Awakening by...

Women determine their success through a variety of factors, such as their kids, their friends, their career, and their state of living. Many women want to be independent and self-sufficient, while others want to be a homemaker and stay at home with their family. In the novel, The Awakening, the women, who are treated as inferior creatures and as the property of men, focus on their personal and social lives, rather than their professional lives. However, Edna wants to break the societal ideals that determine what a woman does, and she desires to be free to do what she wants, rather than what society wants of her. First, she must break free of her barriers such as the society and her husband. Là ©once, along with the other men in the Creole†¦show more content†¦One of them was the embodiment of the every womanly grace and charm.† This quote shows that the Creole society deemed Madame Ratignolle a perfect woman, as she embraced the role society had given her. Adà ©le Ratignolle was a â€Å"mother-woman† along with the rest of the mothers in the society. She mothers Edna as well as her own children throughout the novel, and always manages to bring her children up during group discussions. â€Å"She was always talking about her ‘condition’ Her ‘condition’ was in no way apparent, and now one would have known a thing about it but for her persistence in making it a subject for conversation.† This quote emphasizes how much of her focus is on children, whether they are newborn babies, or little kids. During her visit to Edna’s summer cottage, she brings patterns of baby clothes to sew for both Edna and her, while the y discuss other events, even though neither is pregnant, and Edna is content with her children’s wardrobe for the winter. During another visit to Edna’s summer cottage, Madame Ratignolle is mobbed by her children. â€Å"Her little ones ran to meet her. Two of them clung about her white skirts, the third she took from its nurse...bore it along in her own fond encircling arms. Though, as everybody well knew, the doctor had forbidden her to lift so much as a pin.† Through this quote, Madame Ratignolle is characterized as a woman who is focused more on her children than herself, as she is willingShow MoreRelatedThe Unique Style Of Kate Chopin s Writing1603 Words   |  7 PagesThe unique style of Kate Chopin’s writing has influenced and paved the way for many female authors. Although not verbally, Kate Chopin aired political and social issues affecting women and challenging the validity of such restrictions through fiction. Kate Chopin, a feminist in her tim e, prevailed against the notion that a woman’s purpose was to only be a housewife and nothing more. Kate Chopin fortified the importance of women empowerment, self-expression, self-assertion, and female sexuality throughRead More The Transformation of Edna Pontellier in The Awakening Essay950 Words   |  4 Pagesanything: she did not know what† (Chopin). In Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, the reader is introduced to Edna Pontellier, a passionate, rebellious woman. Throughout the novel, it becomes apparent how unsettled Edna feels about her life. The reader can identify this by her thoughts, desires, and actions, which are highly inappropriate for an affluent woman of the time. In the novel, Edna has an awakening and finds the courage to make the changes she sees necessary. Kate Chopin is able to make qualityRead MoreEssay about Feminism in The Awakening986 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel The Awakening, by Kate Chopin the critical approach feminism is a major aspect of the novel. According to dictionary.reference.com the word feminism means, â€Å"The doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men.† The Awakening takes place during the late eighteen hundreds to early nineteen hundreds, in New Orleans. The novel is about Edna Pontellier and her family on a summer vacation. Edna, who is a wife and mother, is inferior to her husbandRead MoreAn Examination Of How Kate Chopin s Work1298 Words   |  6 PagesENGL 1102 – Comp/Lit Essay 2 (Mulry) Sellers, James R – 920022413 Due Date: April 20, 2015 An Examination of How Kate Chopin’s Works Taken Together Contribute to our Understanding of Her Time and the Place of Women in Society Looking at themes present in his short stories and novels, Kate Chopin presents examples of female strength and an assertive rebellion to the social norms during the late 1800s. By seeking to transparently and boldly portray the risquà © behavior of her lead characters, whichRead MoreThe Rise Of Feminism In The Awakening By Kate Chopin711 Words   |  3 Pagesbefore the 1960s. In the 1890s, Kate Chopin wrote a novella called The Awakening to tell the story of the rise of feminism within a character named Edna. In The Awakening, Kate Chopin creates feminism before it’s time by using Edna’s attitude toward her lovers, the freeness of the scenery, and her motherly attitude. These traits that Edna possesses are extremely different compared to the social norms of that day. Using Edna’s attitude with her lovers, Kate Chopin creates an attitude of feminismRead MoreThe Awakening: An Emergence of Womens RIghts in the Late Nineteenth Century1330 Words   |  6 PagesThe Awakening: An Emergence of Women’s Rights in the Late Nineteenth Century Kate Chopin’s The Awakening addresses the role of women within society during the late nineteenth century. The novel is set in South Louisiana, a place where tradition and culture also play a vital role in societal expectations. The novel’s protagonist, Edna Pontellier, initially fulfills her position in society as a wife and as a mother while suppressing her urges to live a life of passion and freedom. Edna’s relationshipRead MoreThe Escape of a Modern Housewife in Kate Chopins The Awakening1335 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent from the other self† (Chopin 67). The Awakening by Kate Chopin is a compelling story of a woman who is awakened from the miserable duties of a housewife and mother to a woman who falls in love and finds herself. This story is not to judge a woman for having an affair with her husband, but it is to make the reader fall in love with this woman named Edna and go with her on her journey of finding herself. Edna is an extraordinary chara cter in The Awakening, and it makes the reader see theRead MoreEssay on The Significance of Art in Chopins The Awakening873 Words   |  4 Pagesawakens to art. Originally, Edna â€Å"dabbled† with sketching â€Å"in an unprofessional way† (Chopin 543). She could only imitate, although poorly (Dyer 89). She attempts to sketch Adà ¨le Ratignolle, but the picture â€Å"bore no resemblance† to its subject. After her awakening experience in Grand Isle, Edna begins to view her art as an occupation (Dyer 85). She tells Mademoiselle Reisz that she is â€Å"becoming an artist† (Chopin 584). Women traditionally viewed art as a hobby, but to Edna, it was much more importantRead MoreEssay about Kate Chopins Awakening is Not a Tragedy1321 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopins Awakening is Not a Tragedy      Ã‚  Ã‚   When we think of a tragedy, thoughts of lost love and torments abound. The most human of emotions, sorrow, overwhelms us. We agonize over the tragedy, and the tragic figure. We lose sight of reality, enthralled by the suspense, captured by the Irony that, we know what plight lies ahead for the characters. We feel the suffering and the helplessness of the characters as the tragedy unwinds. Although Kate Chopins The AwakeningRead More feminaw Seeking a New Identity for Women in The Awakening Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesSeeking a New Identity for Women in  The Awakening      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Awakening, Chopin questions gender roles. Chopin seeks an identity for women that is neither wife nor mother. To achieve this end, she incorporates progressive feminist ideas into her writing. Yet, in the end, Chopin also shows that, because of years of conditioning, many women are unable to escape society’s stereotypical roles by any satisfactory means. The protagonist of the novel, Edna Pontellier, does not possess the skills

Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 1760 Words

Matthew Hakimian Ms. Tunick English 10 January 2017 Legalizing Marijuana-Why it Should Happen Now Marijuana is a very controversial topic in today’s society for a lot of different reasons. Much of the country is divided between whether or not the drug should be legalized, and as of today only 8 states have legalized the recreational use of marijuana. There is great deal of evidence that proves that legalizing marijuana would be a great move for the United States government such as the numerous health benefits of marijuana, the relative safety of marijuana when compared to other drugs, the immense amount of money the U.S economy could gain through the marijuana industry, the potential billions saved in law†¦show more content†¦A federal study conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine (IOM) arrived at the conclusion that Millions of Americans have tried marijuana, but most are not regular users and few marijuana users become dependent on it.... Although some marijuana users develop dependence, they appear to be less likely to do so than u sers of other drugs (including alcohol and nicotine), and marijuana dependence appears to be less severe than dependence on other drugs. Marijuana is also a very safe drug, and is even safer than some common foods. After two years of testimony, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) chief administrative law judge Francis Young ruled: In strict medical terms, marijuana is far safer than many foods we commonly consume. For example, eating 10 raw potatoes can result in a toxic response. By comparison, it is physically impossible to consume enough marijuana to induce death.† Marijuana should also be legalized because it can provide a wide range of benefits for its user. In the words of Noel Merino, â€Å"Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man. Marijuana is even recommended by doctors for medical use, and medicinal marijuana use is already legal in 28 states. However, a country wide legalization of medicinal marijuana would make sense in the U.S because of the many different medical benefits marijuana has. Marijuana is also a great way toShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational dru g. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?997 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It: The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Should marijuana be legalized? Many Americans have been asked this question or have heard some type of news about the issue. Marijuana is commonly known as cannabis which refers to the dried up hemp plant cannabis sativa, even though marijuana is a plant and has no chemical additives it has been a tropic of controversy for many years but nowadays it is in the spotlight more than ever. For centuries, marijuana has been used by people throughout theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conducted

Seminar on Ubiquitous Computing Free Essays

string(143) " The UbiquiTrain system is based on a database of training content to which users connect via desktop computers and wireless handheld systems\." UBIQUITIOUS COMPUTING Varun. R USN- 1RE08EC110 Reva Institute of Technology and Management Bangalore. varun3055@gmail. We will write a custom essay sample on Seminar on Ubiquitous Computing or any similar topic only for you Order Now com Abstract- The highest ideal of ubicomp is to make a computer so imbedded, so fitting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it. One of the goals of ubiquitous computing is to enable devices to sense changes in their environment and to automatically adapt and act based on these changes, based on user needs and preferences. The technology required for ubiquitous computing comes in three parts: cheap, low- power computers that include equally convenient displays, a network that ties them all together, and software systems implementing ubiquitous applications. Keywords— ubicomp, nanotechnology Introduction Ubiquitous computing (often abbreviated to â€Å"ubicomp†) refers to a new genre of computing in which the computer completely permeates the life of the user. In ubiquitous computing, computers become a helpful but invisible force, assisting the user in meeting his or her needs without getting in the way. Mark Weiser, the originator of the term â€Å"ubiquitous computing†, â€Å"described it this way: â€Å"†¦ [Ubiquitous computing’s] highest ideal is to make a computer so imbedded, so fitting, so natural, that we use it without even thinking about it. † It is also referred to as Pervasive computing. Pervasive computing environments involve the interaction, coordination, and cooperation of numerous, casually accessible, and often invisible computing devices. These devices will connect via wired and wireless links to one another as well as to the global networking infrastructure to provide more relevant information and integrated services. Existing approaches to building distributed applications, including client/server computing, are ill suited to meet this challenge. They are targeted at smaller and less dynamic computing environments and lack sufficient facilities to manage changes in the network configurations. Networked computing devices will proliferate in the user’s landscape, being embedded in objects ranging from home appliances to clothing. Applications will have greater awareness of context, and thus will be able to provide more intelligent services that reduce the burden on users to direct and interact with applications. Many applications will resemble agents that carry out tasks on behalf of users by exploiting the rich sets of services available within computing environments. Our preliminary approach is to activate the world and provide hundreds of wireless computing devices per person per office, of all scales. This has required network in operating systems, user interfaces, networks, wireless, displays, and many other areas. We call our work as â€Å"ubiquitous computing†. This is different from PDA’s, dynabooks, or information at your fingertips. It is invisible; everywhere computing that does not live on a personal device of any sort, but is in the woodwork everywhere. Nanotechnology and Wireless Technology If computers are to be everywhere, unobtrusive, and truly helpful, they must be as small as possible and capable of communicating between themselves. Technological movements supporting these goals are already well underway under the rubrics nanotechnology and wireless computing. Nanotechnology The trend toward miniaturization of computer components down to an atomic scale is known as nanotechnology. Nanotechnology involves building highly miniaturized computers from individual atoms or molecules acting as transistors, which are the heart of the computer chip. The number of transistors in a chip is indicative of its power. Therefore, nanotechnology’s extreme miniaturization of transistors allows for impressive levels of computing power to be put into tiny packages, which can then be unobtrusively tucked away. Wireless Computing Wireless computing refers to the use of wireless technology to connect computers to a network. Wireless computing is so attractive because it allows workers to escape the tether of a network cable and access network and communication services from anywhere within reach of a wireless network. Wireless computing has attracted enormous market interest, as witnessed by consumer demand for wireless home networks, which can be purchased for several hundred dollars. Context-Awareness and Natural Interaction Small computers that communicate wirelessly provide a necessary infrastructure for ubiquitous computing. However, infrastructure is only half of the battle. As noted above, the ubiquitous computing movement aims to make computers more helpful and easier to use. Indeed, computers should be able to accurately anticipate the user’s needs and accommodate his or her natural communication modes and styles. These themes are captured with-in the ubiquitous computing movement’s focus on context-aware computing and natural interaction. Context-Awareness The promise of context-awareness is that computers will be able to understand enough of a user’s current situation to offer services, resources, or information relevant to the particular context. The attributes of context to a particular situation vary widely, and may include the user’s location, current role (mother, daughter, office manager, soccer coach, etc. ), past activity, and affective state. Beyond the user, context may include the current date and time, and other objects and people in the environment. The application of context may include any combination of these elements. For example, a context-aware map might use the information that the user is away from home, has no appointments, and that the time is 6:00 in the evening to determine that the user could soon be interested in dinner. It would then prepare to offer the user guidance to nearby restaurants should he or she makes such a request. Natural Interaction Currently, using the computer is part of the task we are attempting to accomplish—something else to focus on, learn, or do in order to accomplish a goal. The idea behind natural interaction is for the computer to supply services, resources, or information to a user without the user having to think about the rules of how to use the computer to get them. In this way, the user is not preoccupied with the dual tasks of using the computer and getting the services, resources, or information. Donald Norman, a well-known researcher in human–computer interaction, once said that he doesn’t want a word processor; he wants a letter writer—something that will allow him to get the job done of writing a letter, without the instrument getting in the way. UbiquiTrain The UbiquiTrain system is based on a database of training content to which users connect via desktop computers and wireless handheld systems. You read "Seminar on Ubiquitous Computing" in category "Essay examples" UbiquiTrain loads training content according to an algorithm that includes a number of context-related cues. The first cue centers on the user’s schedule. For example, if there is an upcoming meeting called by the user, UbiquiTrain would load training content on how to lead meetings. As the meeting time approaches, this training content floats to the top of the list of topics available. A second cue invokes the context of the user’s current activities. If the user is working on a task related to an item on his or her to-do list, UbiquiTrain would load corresponding content, as well. For example, the user working on a proposal would cue UbiquiTrain to call up training content on written communication in general and proposal writing in particular. UbiquiTrain holds content at the ready should users ask for it. The system does not demand the user’s attention. As befits the nature of ubiquitous computing, users interact with UbiquiTrain in the way that feels most natural to them. Some users talk to the system, asking it to show them a particular piece of training content. Others, not yet comfortable with talking to a computer, use the touch screen. UbiquiTrain reacts to the user, as well. Noting the confusion on the user’s face as it explains how to deal with attendees who derail meetings, for example UbiquiTrain tries explaining the concept a different way. It then offers a short video example. Observing that the user is nodding, UbiquiTrain resumes the normal course of training. Of course, if users are looking for information on a particular topic, they can skip straight to the content simply by asking for it. UbiquiTrain is flexible enough to understand the different ways users might request a given piece of content. UbiquiTrain is more than a means to deliver already-developed training content. The system also offers important benefits in training needs assessment by monitoring trends in training content demands across users. The system takes action when it senses a trend in demand for certain broad areas of training content among members of particular departments or among workers with similar duties across different departments. As a means of respecting user’s privacy, the system polls them and asks if they would like to request in-depth training on the topic, taking suggestions for areas in which users might want particular detail. If sufficient interest is found, the results are then forwarded to the group responsible for training in the organization. By observing trends in content demand, UbiquiTrain can also sense when its database is incomplete. If users ask for content that doesn’t exist in the database, the request is logged. If a sufficient number of similar requests are received, the system generates a requisition for new content. In this way, the database stays current with the needs of its users. Finally, UbiquiTrain can help evaluate the training it has delivered. The most overt way is to ask the user for feedback on the training received. A second way is have the user request relevant coworkers to evaluate him or her in a given area at a given time, if appropriate. The rating task, of course, is administered by UbiquiTrain through the coworkers’ computers or handhelds. Raters can choose to make their ratings and comments anonymous, if they wish. Once all of the data are compiled, UbiquiTrain feeds them back to the user and offers appropriate development suggestions. The system makes use of the data, as well, to track the effectiveness of the training it has delivered. Clearly, UbiquiTrain offers important benefits to all constituents. Users have a convenient, up-to-date training tool that unobtrusively responds to their needs. At the corporate level, the training needs within the organization are easily tracked and clearly delineated and can be analyzed to fine detail. Current Embedded Technology Embedded technology is the process of introducing computing power to various appliances. These devices are intended to perform certain specific jobs and processors giving the computing power are designed in an application oriented way. Computers are hidden in numerous information appliances which we use in our day to- day life. These devices find there application in every segment of life such as consumer electronics, avionics, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, process control, industrial, communication, defence etc†¦ Embedded systems, based on there functionality and performance requirement are basically categorized as: i. Stand alone systems ii. Real time systems iii. Networked systems iv. Mobile devices Stand alone systems work in stand alone mode, taking inputs and producing desired outputs. They do not have any dependence on other systems. Embedded systems in which some specific work has to be done in a specific time period are called Real time systems. Meeting the dead line is the most important requirement of a real time system. In Hard real time systems, missing a deadline may lead to a atastrophe and in Soft real time systems such problem is not present. Systems which are provided with network interfaces and accessed by networks such as LAN or the Internet are called Networked Systems. Networking may be wired or wireless. Mobile devices are devices which move from one location to another, like mobile phones, PDA’S etc. Today, many people carry numerous portable devices, such as laptops, mobile phones, PDAs and mp3 players, for use in their professional and private lives. For the most part, these devices are used separately i. e. , their applications do not interact. However, if they could interact directly, participants at a meeting could share documents or presentations, business cards would automatically find their way into the address register on a laptop and the number register on a mobile phone, as commuters exit a train, their laptops could remain online; likewise, incoming email could now be diverted to their PDAs. In such a distributed environment where several embedded devices has to communicate and co-ordinate with each other. For this a communication link is required which may be wired or wireless. In initial stages of Networked embedded system environments wired connection was preferred as it provided a safer and faster channel for communication. But the cost, immovability and the cables running around the floorboards became less attractive. On top of this, dishing out the cash for network cards, cables and a hub/switch reserved this practice to the more elite computer users, until wireless networking hit the scene. Infrared communication was initially used for wireless communication because of the low cost offered by it. But it suffered from the limitation that it can be used only within Line Of Sight. IEEE introduced 802. 1 as the international standard for wireless LANs. This used a 2. 4GHz transmission band while maintaining a steady 1-2 Mbps bandwidth rate. Being that this was extremely slow compared to 100Mbit wired LANs, it took a while for the 802. 11 standard to develop into a viable solution, achieved shortly after with the 802. 11a, b and g standards, offering bandw idth ranging from 11Mbps to 54Mbps. Although this is still considerably short of the 100Mbit found in cabled networks, 802. 1 x wireless technologies is now literally regarded as the future of networking. Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Wi-Max are the latest solutions, under the 802. x standard, for wireless communication over short, medium and long range communication respectively. Pervasive Computing Earlier in this paper, we characterized a pervasive computing environment as one saturated with computing and communication capability, yet so gracefully integrated with users that it becomes a ‘‘technology that disappears. ’’ Since motion is an integral part of everyday life, such a technology must support mobility; otherwise, a user will be acutely aware of the technology by its absence when he moves. Hence, the research agenda of pervasive computing subsumes that of mobile computing, but goes much further. Specifically, pervasive computing incorporates four additional research thrusts into its agenda, as illustrated by Figure 1. Effective Use of Smart Spaces The first research thrust is the effective use of smart spaces. A space may be an enclosed area such as a meeting room or corridor, or it may be a well-defined open area such as a courtyard or a quadrangle. By embedding computing infrastructure in building infrastructure, a smart space brings together two worlds that have been disjoint until now [16]. The fusion of these worlds enables sensing and control of one world by the other. A simple example of this is the automatic adjustment of heating, cooling and lighting levels in a room based on an occupant’s electronic profile. Influence in the other direction is also possible — software on a user’s computer may behave differently depending on where the user is currently located. Smartness may also extend to individual objects, whether located in a smart space or not. Invisibility The second thrust is invisibility. The ideal expressed by Weiser is complete disappearance of pervasive computing technology from a user’s consciousness. In practice, a reasonable approximation to this ideal is minimal user distraction. If a pervasive computing environment continuously meets user expectations and rarely presents him with surprises, it allows him to interact almost at a subconscious level [46]. At the same time, a modicum of anticipation may be essential to avoiding a large unpleasant surprise later — much as pain alerts a person to a potentially serious future problem in a normally-unnoticed body part. Localized Scalability The third research thrust is localized scalability. As smart spaces grow in sophistication, the intensity of interactions between a user’s personal computing space and his surroundings increases. This has severe bandwidth, energy and distraction implications for a wireless mobile user. The presence of multiple users will further complicate this problem. Scalability, in the broadest sense, is thus a critical problem in pervasive computing. Previous work on scalability has typically ignored physical distance — a web server or file server should handle as many clients as possible, regardless of whether they are located next door or across the country. The situation is very different in pervasive computing. Here, the density of interactions has to fall off as one moves away — otherwise both the user and his computing system will be overwhelmed by distant interactions that are of little relevance. Although a mobile user far from home will still generate some distant interactions with sites relevant to him, the preponderance of his interactions will be local. Like the inverse square laws of nature, good system design has to achieve scalability by severely reducing interactions between distant entities. This directly contradicts the current ethos of the Internet, which many believe heralds the ‘‘death of distance. ’’ Masking Uneven Conditioning The fourth thrust is the development of techniques for masking uneven conditioning of environments. The rate of penetration of pervasive computing technology into the infrastructure will vary considerably depending on many non-technical factors such as organizational structure, economics and business models. Uniform penetration, if it is ever achieved, is many years or decades away. In the interim, there will persist huge differences in the ‘‘smartness’’ of different environments — what is available in a well-equipped conference room, office, or classroom may be more sophisticated than in other locations. This large dynamic range of ‘‘smartness’’ can be jarring to a user, detracting from the goal of making pervasive computing technology invisible. One way to reduce the amount of variation seen by a user is to have his personal computing space compensate for ‘‘dumb’’ environments. As a trivial example, a system that is capable of disconnected operation is able to mask the absence of wireless coverage in its environment. Complete invisibility may be impossible, but reduced variability is well within our reach. [pic] This figure shows how research problems in pervasive computing relate to those in mobile computing and distributed systems. New problems are encountered as one move from left to right in this figure. In addition, the solution of many previously-encountered problems becomes more complex. As the modulation symbols suggest, this increase in complexity is multiplicative rather than additive — it is very much more difficult to design and implement a pervasive computing system than a simple distributed system of comparable robustness and maturity. Note that this figure describes logical relationships, not temporal ones. Although the evolution of research effort over time has loosely followed this picture, there have been cases where research effort on some aspect of pervasive computing began relatively early. For example, work on smart spaces began in the early 1990’s and proceeded relatively independently of work in mobile computing. Figure 1: Taxonomy of Computer Systems Research Problems in Pervasive Computing Example Scenarios What would it be like to live in a world with pervasive computing? To help convey the ‘‘look and feel’’ of such a world, we sketch two hypothetical scenarios below. We have deliberately chosen scenarios that appear feasible in just a few years. These examples use Aura as the pervasive computing system, but the concepts illustrated are of broad relevance. Scenario 1 Jane is at Gate 23 in the Pittsburgh airport, waiting for her connecting flight. She has edited many large documents, and would like to use her wireless connection to e-mail them. Unfortunately, bandwidth is miserable because many passengers at Gates 22 and 23 are surfing the web. Aura observes that at the current bandwidth Jane won’t be able tofinish sending her documents before her flight departs. Consulting the airport’s network weather service and flight schedule service, Aura discovers that wireless bandwidth is excellent at Gate 15, and that there are no departing or arriving flights at nearby gates for half an hour. A dialog box pops up on Jane’s screen suggesting that she go to Gate 15, which is only three minutes away. It also asks her to prioritize her e-mail, so that the most critical messages are transmitted first. Jane accepts Aura’s advice and walks to Gate 15. She watches CNN on the TV there until Aura informs her that it is close to being done with her messages, and that she can start walking back. The last message is transmitted during her walk, and she is back at Gate 23 in time for her boarding call. Scenario 2 Fred is in his office, frantically preparing for a meeting at which he will give a presentation and a software demonstration. The meeting room is a ten-minute walk across campus. It is time to leave, but Fred is not quite ready. He grabs his PalmXXII wireless handheld computer and walks out of the door. Aura transfers the state of his work from his desktop to his handheld, and allows him to make his final edits using voice commands during his walk. Aura infers where Fred is going from his calendar and the campus location racking service. It downloads the presentation and the demonstration software to the projection computer, and warms up the projector. Fred finishes his edits just before he enters the meeting room. As he walks in, Aura transfers his final changes to the projection computer. As the presentation proceeds, Fred is about to display a slide with highly sen sitive budget information. Aura senses that this might be a mistake: the room’s face detection and recognition capability indicates that there are some unfamiliar faces present. It therefore warns Fred. Realizing that Aura is right, Fred skips the slide. He moves on to other topics and ends on a high note, leaving the audience impressed by his polished presentation. Missing Capabilities These scenarios embody many key ideas in pervasive computing. Scenario 1 shows the importance of pro activity: Jane is able to complete her e-mail transmission only because Aura had the foresight to estimate how long the whole process would take. She is able to begin walking back to her departure gate before transmission completes because Aura looks ahead on her behalf. The scenario also shows the importance of combining knowledge from different layers of the system. Wireless congestion is a low-level system phenomenon; knowledge of boarding time is an application or user-level concept. Only by combining these disparate pieces of knowledge can Aura help Jane. The scenario also shows the value of a smart space. Aura is able to obtain knowledge of wireless conditions at other gates, flight arrival/departure times and gates, and distance between gates only because the environment provides these services. Scenario 2 illustrates the ability to move execution state effortlessly across diverse platforms — from a desktop to a handheld machine, and from the handheld to the projection computer. Self-tuning, or automatically adjusting behavior to fit circumstances, is shown by the ability to edit on the handheld using speech input rather than keyboard and mouse. The scenario embodies many instances of pro activity: inferring that Fred is headed for the room across campus, warming up the projector, transferring the presentation and demonstration, anticipating that the budget slide might be displayed next, and sensing danger by combining this knowledge with the inferred presence of strangers in the oom. The value of smart spaces is shown in many ways: the location tracking and online calendar services are what enable Aura to infer where Fred is heading; the software-controlled projector enables warm up ahead of time; the camera-equipped room with continuous face recognition is key to warning Fred about the privacy violation he is about to commit. Perhaps the biggest surprise in these scenarios is how simple and basic all the component technologies are. The hardware technologies (laptops, handhelds, wireless communication, software-controlled appliances, room cameras, and so on) are all here today. The component software technologies have also been demonstrated: location tracking, face recognition, speech recognition, online calendars, and so on. Why then do these scenarios seem like science fiction rather than reality today? The answer lies in the fact that the whole is much greater than the sum of its parts. In other words, the real research is in the seamless integration of component technologies into a system like Aura. The difficult problems lie in architecture, component synthesis and system-level engineering. Difference between traditional networking and pervasive computing These connections are fundamentally unlike those we associate with networks. Rather than using the network to connect computers that are being used directly by people, these appliances communicate over networks such that people do not directly monitor the communication between machines and programs. The majority of these communications will occur in an end-to-end structure that does not include a human at any point. The number of machines connected to the Internet has been increasing at an exponential rate and will continue to grow at this rate as the existing networks of embedded computers, including those that already exist within our automobiles, are connected to the larger, global network, and as new networks of embedded devices are constructed in our homes and offices. The kinds of devices that will be used to access the Internet are no longer confined to desktops and servers, but include small devices with limited user interface facilities (such as cell phones and PDAs); wireless devices with limited bandwidth, computing power, and electrical power; and embedded processors with severe limitations on the amount of memory and computing power available to them. Many of these devices are mobile, changing not only geographic position, but also their place in the topology of the network. Unlike traditional Desktop Computers and existing networks, the new devices will have the following characteristics: 1. Many will have small, inexpensive processors with limited memory and little or no persistent storage. 2. They will connect to other computing elements without the direct intervention of users. 3. Often, they will be connected by wireless networks. 4. They will change rapidly, sometimes by being mobile, sometimes by going on and offline at widely varying rates. Over time, they will be replaced (or fail) far more rapidly than is now common. 5. They will be used as a source of information, often sending that information into the center of the network to which they are attached. Ubi-Finger Here, in contrast, Ubi-Finger is the gesture-i/p device, which is simple, compact and optimized for mobile use. Using our systems, a user can detect a target device by pointing with his/her index finger, and then control it flexibly by performing natural gestures of fingers (Fig. 1). [pic][pic][pic] | | | | |By pointing a light and making| |The light will turn on! | |a gesture like â€Å"push a | | | |switch†. | | |Figure- 1 An example to control Home Appliances | [pic] Figure- 2 As shown in fig. 2, ubi-finger consists of three sensors to detect gestures of fingers, an infrared transmitter to select a target device in real world and a microcomputer to control these sensors and communicate with a host computer. each sensor generates the information of motions as follows: (1) a bending degree of the index finger, (2) tilt angles of the wrist, (3) operations of touch sensors by a thumb. We use (1) and (2) for recognition of gestures, and use (3) for the trigger mechanism to start and stop gesture recognitition. Information Hoppers and Smart Posters Once these zones are setup, computers on the network will have some interesting capabilities. The system will help to store and retrieve data in an Information hopper. This is a timeline of information that keeps track of when data is created. The hopper knows who created it, where they were and who they were with. Another application that will come out of this ultrasonic location system is the smart poster. A convention computer interface requires us to click on a button on your computer screen. In this new system, a button can be placed anywhere in your workplace, not just on the computer display. The idea behind smart posters is that a button can be a piece of paper that is printed out and struck on a wall. Smart posters will be used to control any device that is plugged into the network. The poster will know where to send a file and a user’s preferences. Smart posters could also be used in advertising new services. To press a button on a smart poster, a user will simply place his or her bat in the smart poster button and click the bat. The system automatically knows who is pressing the poster’s button. Posters can be created with several buttons on it. Ultrasonic location systems will require us to think outside of the box. Traditionally, we have used our files, and we may back up these files on a network server. This ubiquitous network will enable all computers in a building to transfer ownership and store all our files in a central timeline. HAVi- An Implementation in Consumer Appliance Environment HAVi is a standard for home appliances consisting of a set of APIs, services, and a standard for communication. HAVi’s primary goal is providing a dynamic service environment in which software components can discover and interact with other. It provides mechanisms for devices to discover, query and control other appliances on the home network, and provides system services such as message and event. Eight major consumer electronics manufacturers have come up with an open standard enabling home entertainment devices to communicate intelligently with each other. The HAVi(Home Audio Video Interoperability) standard promises to bring true platform independent interoperability to consumer devices using high bandwidth IEEE 1394 (FireWire) as the connecting medium. Major consumer electronics, software, semiconductor and computer manufacturers, namely Grundig, Hitachi, Panasonic, Philips, Sharp, Sony, Thomson and Toshiba along with now over 30 other participants, have formed a non-profit organization called HAVi (Home Audio Video Interoperability) for promoting the development of interoperable consumer products. The goal of HAVi organization is to provide a standard open architecture for intelligent audio and video devices to interoperate with each other regardless of manufacturer, operating system, CPU or programming language used for implementation. The simplest example can be time synchronization between different devices. TV set might get the correct time from the broadcast stream and the other devices can query the TV and set their own clocks according to it. Setting the VCR to record a program is a familiar situation users usually have problems with. With HAVi enabled devices this task can be made very easy. User can select the program he wishes to record with the Electronic Program Guide (EPG) residing on a digital TV set (or set top- box). The TV then locates an available recorder (e. g. , a VCR or a recording DVD device) and commands it to record the program supplying it with the time, length and channel parameters taken from the EPG. Thus, the user doesn’t need to program or touch the recording device in any way. The advantages of Pervasive Computing: We increasingly rely on the electronic creation, storage, and transmittal of personal, financial, and other confidential information, and demand the highest security for all these transactions and require complete access to time-sensitive data, regardless of physical location. We expect devices — personal digital assistants, mobile phones, office PCs and home entertainment systems — to access that information and work together in one seamless, integrated system. Pervasive computing gives us the tools to manage information quickly, efficiently, and effortlessly. It aims to enable people to accomplish an increasing number of personal and professional transactions using a new class of intelligent and portable appliances or â€Å"smart devices† embedded with microprocessors that allow users to plug into intelligent networks and gain direct, simple, and secure access to both relevant information and services.. It gives people convenient access to relevant information stored on powerful networks, allowing them to easily take action anywhere, anytime. Pervasive computing simplifies life by combining open standards-based applications with everyday activities. It removes the complexity of new technologies, enables us to be more efficient in our work and leaves us more leisure time and thus pervasive computing is fast becoming a part of everyday life. Concerns The power ubiquitous computing promises carries with it significant risks. One such risk is associated with the amount of privacy that must be sacrificed to see the benefits of truly helpful computers. Another is that early, â€Å"bleeding edge† applications of ubiquitous computing will turn out to be more ambitious than effective, leading some to prematurely conclude that the idea is a failure. We address each of these concerns below. Privacy Issues Simply put the more software tracks users, the more opportunities exist to trample on their right to privacy. To some degree, these issues are already being argued in the contexts of corporate e-mail snooping and the use of IT software that can track user activity down to the level of individual keystrokes. However, factoring in the idea of software that can track and act upon a user’s physical presence and form of activity leads to privacy concerns of a magnitude beyond those currently debated. The privacy implications of ubiquitous computing implementations must always be accorded the most careful consideration. Without powerful standards surrounding user privacy, the future world of ubiquitous computing may very well shift from one of ease and convenience to one where each of us has an inescapable sense of being watched, at best, and no control over our personal information, at worst. Such prospects are clearly far from desirable. Growing Pains Systems that can act as subtly as those described will not come without a substantial developer learning curve. As system developers learn from their mistakes, there will undoubtedly be at least one premature declaration that truly ubiquitous computing is an impractical ideal and that the interim efforts are too riddled with problems to be usable. We cannot guarantee that ubiquitous computing will fulfill its promise. However, we would argue that it ought to do so, based on the strong trend we have observed toward more powerful, more usable software. The first author recalls a word processor from about 1984 that required the manual entry of printer codes for boldface and italic fonts. Advanced ideas like templates and styles—and, come to think of it, tables—were far from consideration as features. Modern word processors are very powerful, flexible, and easy to use compared to anything that has come before. Usability is definitely a recognized goal in software design, and much has been learned to make new software—even unique, new applications—very easy to use. It should only get better. Ongoing Research: A number of leading technological organizations are exploring pervasive computing. Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), for example, has been working on pervasive computing applications since the 1980s. Although new technologies are emerging, the most crucial objective is not, necessarily, to develop new technologies. IBM’s project Planet Blue, for example, is largely focused on finding ways to integrate existing technologies with a wireless infrastructure. Carnegie Mellon University’s Human Computer Interaction Institute (HCII) is working on similar research in their Project Aura, whose stated goal is â€Å"to provide each user with an invisible halo of computing and information services that persists regardless of location. † The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has a project called Oxygen. MIT named their project after that substance because they envision a future of ubiquitous computing devices as freely available and easily accessible as oxygen is today. What is this next generation going to look like? Today the uses of Internet are limited as its users look for read-mostly information. As we move to a world where the Internet is used as an infrastructure for embedded computing, all this will change. We can hypothesize that the individual utility of mobile communication, wireless appliances and the respective mobile services – pervasive technologies in general – will be exploited through a digital environment that is – †¢ aware of their presence sensitive, adaptive and responsive to their needs, habits and emotions †¢ and ubiquitously accessible via natural interaction. Increasingly, many of the chips around us will sense their environment in rudimentary but effective ways. For Example – ? Cell phones will ask the landline phone what its telephone number is and will forward our calls to it. ? Remote computers will monitor our health statistics and will determine when one is in trouble and will ta ke appropriate action for rescue. Amplifiers will be implanted and used in the inner ear. ? New machines that scan, probe, penetrate and enhance our bodies will be used. ? Refrigerators will be connected to the Internet so one could find out, via cell phone or PDA, what is in it while one is at the store. A refrigerator may even sense when it is low on milk and order more directly from the supplier or rather than this, the connection will enable the manufacturer to monitor the appliance directly to ensure that it is working correctly and inform the owner when it is not. Stoves will conspire with the refrigerators to decide what recipe makes the best use of the available ingredients, and then guide us through preparation of the recipe with the aid of a network-connected food processor and blender. Or they will communicate to optimize the energy usage in our households. ? Cars will use the Internet to find an open parking space or the nearest vegetarian restaurant for their owners or to allow the manufacturer to diagnose problems before they happen, and either inform the owner of the needed service or automatically install the necessary (software) repair. Wrist watches will monitor our sugar. [pic] ? Digi-tickers or implanted heart monitors in heart patients will talk wirelssly to computers, which will be trained to keep an eye open for abnormalities. [pic] In a nutshell, our personal network will travel around with us like a surrounding bubble, connecting to the environment through which we move and allowing our mobile tools to provide us with more functionality than they ever could alone. Conclusion: Pervasive computing provides an attractive vision for the future of computing. Well, we no longer will be sitting down in front of a PC to get access to information. In this wireless world we will have instant access to the information and services that we will want to access with devices, such as Smartphones, PDAs, set-top boxes, embedded intelligence in your automobile and others, all linked to the network, allowing us to connect anytime, anywhere seamlessly, and very importantly, transparently. Computational power will be available everywhere through mobile and stationary devices that will dynamically connect and coordinate to smoothly help users in accomplishing their tasks. We are heading toward a reality that plays like a scene from Star Trek. We may have difficulty envisioning these possibilities, but they are not remote anymore. Technology is rapidly finding its way into every aspect of our lives. Whether it’s how we shop, how we get from one place to another or how we communicate, technology is clearly woven into the way we live. Indeed, we are hurtling â€Å"towards pervasive computing†. When Edison finally found a filament that would burn, did he see the possibility of silent but pervasive electrical current flowing throughout our homes, cars and communities? An easy way to comply with the conference paper formatting requirements is to use this document as a template and simply type your text into it. 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Causal Productions has used its best efforts to ensure that the templates have the same appearance. Acknowledgment The heading of the Acknowledgment section and the References section must not be numbered. Causal Productions wishes to acknowledge Michael Shell and other contributors for developing and maintaining the IEEE LaTeX style files which have been used in the preparation of this template. To see the list of contributors, please refer to the top of file IEEETran. cls in the IEEE LaTeX distribution. References 1] S. M. Metev and V. P. Veiko, Laser Assisted Microtechnology, 2nd ed. , R. M. Osgood, Jr. , Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1998. 2] J. Breckling, Ed. , The Analysis of Directional Time Series: Applications to Wind Speed and Direction, ser. Lecture Notes in Statistics. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1989, vol. 1. 3] S. Zhang, C. Zhu, J. K. O. Sin, and P. K. T. Mok, â€Å"A novel ultrathin elevated channel low-temperature poly-Si TFT,† IEEE Electron Device Lett. , vol. 20, pp. 569–571, Nov. 1999. 4] M. Wegmuller, J. P. von der Weid, P. Oberson, and N. Gisin, â€Å"Hi gh resolution fiber distributed measurements with coherent OFDR,† in Proc. ECOC’00, 2000, paper 11. 3. 4, p. 109. 5] R. E. Sorace, V. S. Reinhardt, and S. A. Vaughn, â€Å"High-speed digital-to-RF converter,† U. S. Patent 5 668 842, Sept. 16, 1997. 6] (2002) The IEEE website. [Online]. Available: http://www. ieee. org/ 7] M. Shell. (2002) IEEEtran homepage on CTAN. [Online]. Available: http://www. ctan. rg/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/IEEEtran/ 8] FLEXChip Signal Processor (MC68175/D), Motorola, 1996. 9] â€Å"PDCA12-70 data sheet,† Opto Speed SA, Mezzovico, Switzerland. 10] A. Karnik, â€Å"Performance of TCP congestion control with rate feedback: TCP/ABR and rate adaptive TCP/IP,† M. Eng. thesis, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, Jan. 1999. 11] J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, and D. Towsley, â€Å"A stochastic model of TCP Reno congestion avoidance and control,† Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, CMPSCI Tech. Rep. 99-02, 1999. 12] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specification, IEEE Std. 802. 11, 1997. How to cite Seminar on Ubiquitous Computing, Essay examples